Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

to record a gross profit

  • 1 gross profit

    бухг. валовий прибуток; загальний прибуток
    сума прибутку, що визначається як різниця між виручкою від реалізації (sales revenue) і витратами на виробництво проданого товару (cost of goods sold)
    ═════════□═════════
    to make a gross profit отримувати/отримати валовий прибуток; to record a gross profit реєструвати/зареєструвати валовий прибуток; to report a gross profit звітувати про валовий прибуток
    gross profit:: gross margin:: trading profit
    * * *
    валовий прибуток; валовий дохід

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > gross profit

  • 2 profit

    1. n
    1) польза, выгода
    2) часто pl прибыль, доход (на вложенные средства)

    - above-average profits
    - aboveplan profit
    - accounting profit
    - accumulated profit
    - actual profit
    - additional profit
    - adjusted profit
    - advertising profit
    - aftertax profit
    - aggregated profits
    - agricultural profit
    - annual profit
    - anticipated profit
    - anticipatory profit
    - attributable profit
    - balance profit
    - bare profit
    - before-tax profit
    - book profit
    - boom profit
    - bumper profit
    - business profit
    - calculated profit
    - capital profit
    - casual profit
    - clear profit
    - commercial profit
    - company profit
    - compound operating profit
    - computed profit
    - consolidated profit
    - consolidation profit
    - corporate profit
    - declared profit
    - distributable profit
    - distributed profit
    - earned profit
    - effective profit
    - emission profit
    - estimated profit
    - excess profit
    - exchange profit
    - exorbitant profit
    - expected profit
    - extra profit
    - extraplan profit
    - fair profit
    - fictitious profit
    - first-quarter pretax profit
    - gray profits
    - gross profit
    - gross profit on sales
    - growth profit
    - high profit
    - huge profit
    - illicit profit
    - imaginary profit
    - incidental profit
    - industrial profit
    - innovational profit
    - intercompany profit
    - interest profit
    - inventory profit
    - investment profit
    - lost profit
    - lousy profits
    - low profit
    - maiden profit
    - marginal profit
    - market profit
    - marketing profit
    - maximum profit
    - mercantile profit
    - merchant's profit
    - middlemen's profit
    - missed profit
    - monopoly profit
    - monthly profit
    - multiyear profit
    - net profit
    - net profit on sales
    - net trading profit
    - normal profit
    - operating profit
    - operating profit before provisions
    - operating profit for the year
    - operational profit
    - overplan profit
    - paper profit
    - partnership profits
    - pecuniary profit
    - percentage profit
    - planned profit
    - ploughed-back profit
    - pre-amortization profit
    - pretax profit
    - promoter's profit
    - promotional profit
    - pure profit
    - realized profit
    - reinvested profit
    - relative profit
    - reported profit
    - residual profit
    - retained profit
    - royal profit
    - short-run profit
    - small profit
    - speculative profit
    - steady profit
    - super profit
    - supernormal profit
    - surplus profit
    - sustained profit
    - target profit
    - taxable profit
    - taxable corporate profits
    - tidy profit
    - total profit
    - trade profit
    - trading profit
    - unappropriated profit
    - underwriting profit
    - undistributed profit
    - undistributed enterprise profits
    - undivided profit
    - unexpected profit
    - unit profit
    - unrealized profit
    - windfall profit
    - profit from investments
    - profit on investments
    - profits from trading stocks or bonds
    - profit on capital invested
    - profit on foreign exchange
    - profit on investments
    - profit on a sale
    - profit per acre
    - at a profit
    - for the sake of profit
    - profit and loss
    - profit earned
    - profit not allocated
    - achieve a modest net profit
    - allot the profit
    - apportion the profit
    - assess profit
    - boost profits
    - bring profit
    - bumper profits
    - collect a profit
    - compute profits
    - crimp profits
    - depress profits
    - derive a profit
    - distribute profits
    - double profits
    - draw a profit
    - earn profit
    - ensure a profit
    - exaggerate one's profits
    - expect profit
    - fix a profit
    - gain a profit
    - generate profits
    - get a profit
    - hide profits
    - increase profits
    - inflate profits
    - leave a profit
    - make a profit
    - make a record profit
    - obtain profit
    - operate at a profit
    - overstate profits
    - participate in profits
    - plough back profits
    - pocket a profit
    - post profits
    - post a drop in profits
    - produce a profit
    - realize a profit
    - reap a profit
    - reduce profits
    - render a profit
    - repatriate profits
    - return a profit
    - secure a profit
    - sell at a profit
    - share in profits
    - shelter profits from tax authorities
    - show a profit
    - squeeze the profit to nothing
    - tax profits
    - turn to profit
    - understate a profit
    - yield a profit
    2. v

    - profit by

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > profit

  • 3 profit

    ['prɔfɪt] 1. сущ.
    1) выгода, полезность, польза
    Syn:
    2) обычно мн. прибыль, доход; барыш, нажива

    a decline / fall in profits — снижение / падение прибыли

    an increase / a rise in profits — повышение прибыли

    to bring (in) / yield / generate a profit — приносить прибыль, давать доход

    to clear / earn / make / realize / reap / turn a profit — получать прибыль

    profit motive — корысть; корыстолюбивые побуждения

    He sold his house at a / for profit. — Он выгодно продал дом.

    - gross profit
    - net profit
    - windfall profit
    - profit margin
    - handsome profit
    - large profit
    - marginal profit
    - small profit
    - record profit
    - profit taking     2. гл.
    а) приносить пользу, выгоду, прибыль; быть полезным, выгодным, прибыльным

    It profited him nothing. — Это не приносило ему никакой пользы.

    б) (profit by / from) получать выгоду, прибыль; извлекать пользу из (чего-л.)

    I profited enormously from working with her. — Я получил огромную пользу от работы с ней.

    I hope you have profited by your unfortunate experience. — Надеюсь, вы извлекли опыт из вашей неудачи.

    You can even profit from your mistakes. — Вы можете извлечь пользу даже из собственных ошибок.

    A lot of companies will profit by / from the fall in interest rates. — Множество компаний получат прибыль от падения процентных ставок.

    •
    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > profit

  • 4 loss

    lɔs сущ.
    1) гибель, крушение, разрушение Syn: destruction, ruin
    1.
    2) а) потеря, утрата (лишение частично или полностью имущества, прав, способностей и т. п.) the loss of the lands ≈ потеря земель hearing loss ≈ потеря слуха heat loss ≈ переохлаждение memory loss ≈ потеря памяти loss of sensation ≈ потеря чувствительности loss of vision, loss of one's eyesight ≈ потеря зрения total loss of vision ≈ полная потеря зрения weight loss, loss of a weight ≈
    1) потеря веса
    2) усушка, усадка loss of value б) утрата, потеря (смерть близких, друзей) the loss of his mother ≈ потеря матери irreparable, irreplaceable, irretrievable loss to our nation ≈ невосстановимая, невосполнимая потеря для нашей страны
    3) а) проигрыш, поражение to hand smb. a loss ≈ нанести кому-л. поражение They handed our team its first loss of the season. ≈ Они нанесли нашей команде первой поражение в этом сезоне. to recoup one's gambling losses ≈ возмещать проигрыш б) неудача при осуществлении чего-л. I do not wish to risk the loss of my train. ≈ Я не хочу рисковать и опоздать на поезд.
    4) убыток, ущерб, потеря to inflict losses on ≈ причинять ущерб( кому-л.) to make up a loss, offset a loss, recoup a loss, replace a loss ≈ возмещать убытки to sell at a loss ≈ продавать в убыток dead loss ≈ чистый убыток tax loss ≈ налоговый убыток (незапланированный убыток, который учитывается при налогообложении;
    налогооблагаемая сумма сокращается на сумму убытка) windfall loss ≈ внезапные убытки, непредвиденные убытки
    5) мн.;
    воен. потери losses in dead and wounded ≈ потери убитыми и ранеными to take heavy losses ≈ нести тяжелые потери Our forces inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. ≈ Наши силы нанесли серьезный удар по противнику. light losses ≈ небольшие потери loss of life suffer losses sustain losses - incur losses loss replacement
    6) тех. угар loss in yarn текст. ≈ угар потеря, лишение - total * полная потеря - * of one's eyesight потеря зрения - * of strength упадок сил - * of blood (медицина) кровопотеря - * of flesh похудание - temperature * падение температуры - * in altitude потеря высоты утрата, потеря - irreparable * невозместимая потеря - grievous * тяжелая утрата - * of opportunities упущенные /неиспользованные/ возможности - without any * of time без всякой потери времени, не теряя ни минуты времени - his death was a great * его смерть была большой утратой гибель - * of a ship with all hands гибель корабля со всей командой проигрыш;
    урон - * of a battle поражение в битве ущерб, урон, убыток - dead * чистый убыток - the * of a contract (американизм) незаключенный контракт;
    неполучение заказа - to have a *, to meet with a * потерпеть ущерб, понести потерю - to sell at a * продавать в убыток - to incur *es терпеть убытки - to cover a * покрывать убыток - his absence was not a great * его отсутствие - небольшая потеря - it's your *, not mine вы от этого потеряете /вы останетесь в накладе/, не я pl (военное) потери - * replacement возмещение потерь - the * of life потери в людях, потери убитыми - *es in manpower and material потери в живой силе и технике - to suffer heavy *es понести тяжелые потери (специальное) угар смыв( при эррозии) утечка( тока) > to be at a * растеряться, смешаться;
    быть в замешательстве /в затруднении, в недоумении/;
    (охота) потерять след > he was at a * for a word он не мог подобрать /найти/ нужного слова > he was at a * what to say он не нашелся, что сказать > no great * without some small gain (пословица) нет худа без добра accounting ~ расчетные убытки actual ~ страх. действительная гибель actual ~ фактический страховой убыток actual total ~ страх. действительная полная гибель actual total ~ фактический полный страховой убыток adjusted ~ уточненный размер ущерба agio ~ убытки от спекуляций ценными бумагами на бирже в расчете на ценовые колебания at a ~ в убыток average ~ средние убытки average ~ мор. страх. средний убыток to be at a ~ быть в затруднении, в недоумении;
    he was at a loss for words он не мог найти слов to be at a ~ охот. потерять след book ~ убыток, образовавшийся при переоценке активов или пассивов book ~ on realization балансовые убытки при реализации business ~ убытки от сделки capital ~ капитальный убыток capital ~ курсовые потери capital ~ потери от понижения рыночной стоимости активов capital ~ потери при продаже капитального имущества casualty ~ убытки от несчастного случая catastrophe ~ ущерб, вызванный катастрофой catastrophic ~ страх. ущерб, вызванный катастрофой cause a ~ вызывать ущерб causing an insured ~ причинение застрахованных потерь consequential ~ косвенные убытки consequential ~ косвенный ущерб consolidated ~ суммарные убытки constructive total ~ конструктивная полная гибель constructive total ~ полные убытки от строительства contingent ~ непредвиденные потери cover a ~ возмещать ущерб cover a ~ покрывать убытки cyclical ~ циклические убытки data ~ вчт. потеря данных ~ убыток;
    ущерб;
    to sell at a loss продавать в убыток;
    dead loss чистый убыток;
    to make good a loss возместить убыток dead ~ чистая потеря dead ~ чистый убыток elementary ~ ущерб от стихийных бедствий exchange gain and ~ курсовые прибыль и убыток exchange ~ курсовой убыток exchange ~ потери валюты exchange ~ потери на разнице валютных курсов exchange ~ сокращение валютных резервов exchange rate ~ курсовой убыток extraordinary profit or ~ необычно высокие прибыль или убыток financial ~ денежные потери financial ~ финансовый убыток fire ~ убытки от пожара foreseeable ~ ожидаемые убытки gross ~ общие потери gross ~ общий ущерб gross ~ суммарные убытки gross operating ~ общий убыток от основной деятельности harvest ~ потери при уборке урожая ~ потеря, утрата;
    loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения;
    to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю to be at a ~ быть в затруднении, в недоумении;
    he was at a loss for words он не мог найти слов incur a ~ нести потери incur a ~ терпеть убытки indirect ~ косвенный ущерб inflict a ~ наносить потери inflict a ~ причинять ущерб initial ~ первоначальный убыток insurance ~ убытки при страховании insured ~ застрахованный убыток intercompany ~ межфирменные убытки interest ~ потеря процентов investment ~ инвестиционные потери involve a ~ вызывать убытки liability for ~ ответственность за убытки loss гибель, утрата ~ гибель ~ лишение ~ потери ~ pl воен. потери;
    loss of life потери в людях, потери убитыми ~ потеря, утрата;
    loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения;
    to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю ~ вчт. потеря ~ потеря ~ вчт. проигрыш ~ пропажа ~ убытки ~ убыток, ущерб ~ убыток;
    ущерб;
    to sell at a loss продавать в убыток;
    dead loss чистый убыток;
    to make good a loss возместить убыток ~ убыток ~ тех. угар;
    loss in yarn текст. угар ~ урон, проигрыш ~ урон;
    проигрыш ~ урон ~ утрата ~ ущерб ~ after tax убытки после уплаты налогов ~ before depreciation убытки до начисления износа ~ before financial items убытки до проводки по бухгалтерским книгам ~ before financing убытки до финансирования ~ before tax убытки до уплаты налога ~ by market fluctuation потери, вызванные конъюнктурными колебаниями ~ by market fluctuation потери, вызванные колебаниями цен на рынке ~ for financial year потери за финансовый год ~ for financial year убытки за финансовый год ~ for period потери за период ~ for period убытки за период ~ for year потери за финансовый год ~ for year убытки за финансовый год ~ in income потеря дохода ~ in real value снижение реальной стоимости ~ in transit потери при перевозке ~ in value потеря ценности ~ in value upon resale снижение стоимости при перепродаже ~ тех. угар;
    loss in yarn текст. угар ~ of capital потеря капитала ~ of creditworthiness потеря кредитоспособности ~ of earning capacity снижение потенциального дохода индивидуума ~ of earnings through disablement потеря заработка по нетрудоспособности ~ of goodwill потеря благораспололожения клиентов ~ of goodwill потеря неосязаемых активов ~ of goodwill снижение условной стоимости деловых связей фирмы ~ of interest earnings потеря дохода от процентов ~ of liberty потеря свободы ~ pl воен. потери;
    loss of life потери в людях, потери убитыми ~ of liquidity снижение ликвидности ~ потеря, утрата;
    loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения;
    to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю ~ of production производственные потери ~ of production снижение производства ~ of profits потеря прибылей ~ of profits упущенная выгода ~ of profits insurance страхование от потери прибылей ~ of profits insurance страхование от простоя производства ~ of profits insurance страхование упущенной прибыли ~ of rent insurance страхование от понижения арендной платы ~ of right потеря права ~ of time потеря времени ~ of trade утрата профессии ~ of votes потеря голосов ~ of weight потеря в весе ~ of weight усушка ~ on bond issue потери от выпуска займа ~ on currency exchange потери на разнице валютных курсов ~ on disposal of fixed assets потери при продаже труднореализуемых активов ~ on disposal of fixed assets потери при реализации неликвидных активов ~ on disposal of property потери при реализации собственности ~ on ordinary activities убытки от обычных видов деятельности ~ on receivables outstanding потери от дебиторской задолженности ~ on securities потери от изменения курса ценных бумаг ~ on the rate потери от изменения процентной ставки ~ on the rate убытки от изменения курса ~ replacement воен. возмещение потерь ~ through delay потери вследствие задержки ~ убыток;
    ущерб;
    to sell at a loss продавать в убыток;
    dead loss чистый убыток;
    to make good a loss возместить убыток maritime ~ ущерб при морских перевозках maximum ~ максимальный ущерб meet a ~ покрывать убытки ~ потеря, утрата;
    loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения;
    to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю minor ~ незначительный ущерб modest ~ небольшой ущерб mortality ~ потери в результате повышения смертности net capital ~ чистые потери капитала net exchange ~ убыток от обмена валюты net ~ чистые потери net ~ чистый убыток nonrealized exchange ~ нереализованные потери на разнице валютных курсов normal ~ обычный ущерб notify a ~ заявлять о пропаже operating ~ убыток от основной деятельности overall ~ общие потери paper ~ бумажный убыток paper ~ нереализованный убыток partial ~ частичная гибель (предмета страхования) partial ~ частичная гибель предмета страхования partial ~ частичная потеря pecuniary ~ денежный ущерб pecuniary ~ имущественный ущерб pecuniary ~ материальный ущерб pending ~ невозмещенные убытки petty ~ незначительный ущерб possible ~ возможные потери potential ~ потенциальные убытки probable maximum ~ максимально возможный ущерб processing ~ вчт. потери при обработке данных profit and ~ прибыли и убытки profit or ~ прибыль или убыток realized ~ установленный ущерб record ~ огромный ущерб report a ~ давать сведения об ущербе ~ убыток;
    ущерб;
    to sell at a loss продавать в убыток;
    dead loss чистый убыток;
    to make good a loss возместить убыток short-term ~ краткосрочный убыток singeing ~ потери на опаливание specific ~ конкретно перечисленные потери suffer a ~ нести убыток suffer a ~ терпеть ущерб suffer: ~ страдать;
    испытывать, претерпевать;
    he suffers from headaches онстрадаетотголовныхболей;
    to suffer a loss потерпеть убыток to suffer (или to sustain) losses понести потери to suffer (или to sustain) losses терпеть убытки sustain a ~ нести потери sustain: ~ испытывать, выносить;
    выдерживать;
    to sustain injuries получить увечье;
    to sustain a loss понести потерю tax ~ убытки от налогообложения technical ~ технические потери total ~ общая сумма убытков total ~ общие потери total ~ полная гибель (предмета страхования) total ~ полная потеря trading ~ торговый убыток tranducer ~ вчт. потеря преобразования transition ~ переходная потеря translation ~ потеря на неогибание translation ~ потеря передачи unrealized ~ нереализованный убыток weight ~ утруска

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > loss

  • 5 loss

    [lɔs]
    accounting loss расчетные убытки actual loss страх. действительная гибель actual loss фактический страховой убыток actual total loss страх. действительная полная гибель actual total loss фактический полный страховой убыток adjusted loss уточненный размер ущерба agio loss убытки от спекуляций ценными бумагами на бирже в расчете на ценовые колебания at a loss в убыток average loss средние убытки average loss мор.страх. средний убыток to be at a loss быть в затруднении, в недоумении; he was at a loss for words он не мог найти слов to be at a loss охот. потерять след book loss убыток, образовавшийся при переоценке активов или пассивов book loss on realization балансовые убытки при реализации business loss убытки от сделки capital loss капитальный убыток capital loss курсовые потери capital loss потери от понижения рыночной стоимости активов capital loss потери при продаже капитального имущества casualty loss убытки от несчастного случая catastrophe loss ущерб, вызванный катастрофой catastrophic loss страх. ущерб, вызванный катастрофой cause a loss вызывать ущерб causing an insured loss причинение застрахованных потерь consequential loss косвенные убытки consequential loss косвенный ущерб consolidated loss суммарные убытки constructive total loss конструктивная полная гибель constructive total loss полные убытки от строительства contingent loss непредвиденные потери cover a loss возмещать ущерб cover a loss покрывать убытки cyclical loss циклические убытки data loss вчт. потеря данных loss убыток; ущерб; to sell at a loss продавать в убыток; dead loss чистый убыток; to make good a loss возместить убыток dead loss чистая потеря dead loss чистый убыток elementary loss ущерб от стихийных бедствий exchange gain and loss курсовые прибыль и убыток exchange loss курсовой убыток exchange loss потери валюты exchange loss потери на разнице валютных курсов exchange loss сокращение валютных резервов exchange rate loss курсовой убыток extraordinary profit or loss необычно высокие прибыль или убыток financial loss денежные потери financial loss финансовый убыток fire loss убытки от пожара foreseeable loss ожидаемые убытки gross loss общие потери gross loss общий ущерб gross loss суммарные убытки gross operating loss общий убыток от основной деятельности harvest loss потери при уборке урожая loss потеря, утрата; loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения; to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю to be at a loss быть в затруднении, в недоумении; he was at a loss for words он не мог найти слов incur a loss нести потери incur a loss терпеть убытки indirect loss косвенный ущерб inflict a loss наносить потери inflict a loss причинять ущерб initial loss первоначальный убыток insurance loss убытки при страховании insured loss застрахованный убыток intercompany loss межфирменные убытки interest loss потеря процентов investment loss инвестиционные потери involve a loss вызывать убытки liability for loss ответственность за убытки loss гибель, утрата loss гибель loss лишение loss потери loss pl воен. потери; loss of life потери в людях, потери убитыми loss потеря, утрата; loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения; to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю loss вчт. потеря loss потеря loss вчт. проигрыш loss пропажа loss убытки loss убыток, ущерб loss убыток; ущерб; to sell at a loss продавать в убыток; dead loss чистый убыток; to make good a loss возместить убыток loss убыток loss тех. угар; loss in yarn текст. угар loss урон, проигрыш loss урон; проигрыш loss урон loss утрата loss ущерб loss after tax убытки после уплаты налогов loss before depreciation убытки до начисления износа loss before financial items убытки до проводки по бухгалтерским книгам loss before financing убытки до финансирования loss before tax убытки до уплаты налога loss by market fluctuation потери, вызванные конъюнктурными колебаниями loss by market fluctuation потери, вызванные колебаниями цен на рынке loss for financial year потери за финансовый год loss for financial year убытки за финансовый год loss for period потери за период loss for period убытки за период loss for year потери за финансовый год loss for year убытки за финансовый год loss in income потеря дохода loss in real value снижение реальной стоимости loss in transit потери при перевозке loss in value потеря ценности loss in value upon resale снижение стоимости при перепродаже loss тех. угар; loss in yarn текст. угар loss of capital потеря капитала loss of creditworthiness потеря кредитоспособности loss of earning capacity снижение потенциального дохода индивидуума loss of earnings through disablement потеря заработка по нетрудоспособности loss of goodwill потеря благораспололожения клиентов loss of goodwill потеря неосязаемых активов loss of goodwill снижение условной стоимости деловых связей фирмы loss of interest earnings потеря дохода от процентов loss of liberty потеря свободы loss pl воен. потери; loss of life потери в людях, потери убитыми loss of liquidity снижение ликвидности loss потеря, утрата; loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения; to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю loss of production производственные потери loss of production снижение производства loss of profits потеря прибылей loss of profits упущенная выгода loss of profits insurance страхование от потери прибылей loss of profits insurance страхование от простоя производства loss of profits insurance страхование упущенной прибыли loss of rent insurance страхование от понижения арендной платы loss of right потеря права loss of time потеря времени loss of trade утрата профессии loss of votes потеря голосов loss of weight потеря в весе loss of weight усушка loss on bond issue потери от выпуска займа loss on currency exchange потери на разнице валютных курсов loss on disposal of fixed assets потери при продаже труднореализуемых активов loss on disposal of fixed assets потери при реализации неликвидных активов loss on disposal of property потери при реализации собственности loss on ordinary activities убытки от обычных видов деятельности loss on receivables outstanding потери от дебиторской задолженности loss on securities потери от изменения курса ценных бумаг loss on the rate потери от изменения процентной ставки loss on the rate убытки от изменения курса loss replacement воен. возмещение потерь loss through delay потери вследствие задержки loss убыток; ущерб; to sell at a loss продавать в убыток; dead loss чистый убыток; to make good a loss возместить убыток maritime loss ущерб при морских перевозках maximum loss максимальный ущерб meet a loss покрывать убытки loss потеря, утрата; loss of one's eyesight потеря зрения; to have a loss, to meet with a loss понести потерю minor loss незначительный ущерб modest loss небольшой ущерб mortality loss потери в результате повышения смертности net capital loss чистые потери капитала net exchange loss убыток от обмена валюты net loss чистые потери net loss чистый убыток nonrealized exchange loss нереализованные потери на разнице валютных курсов normal loss обычный ущерб notify a loss заявлять о пропаже operating loss убыток от основной деятельности overall loss общие потери paper loss бумажный убыток paper loss нереализованный убыток partial loss частичная гибель (предмета страхования) partial loss частичная гибель предмета страхования partial loss частичная потеря pecuniary loss денежный ущерб pecuniary loss имущественный ущерб pecuniary loss материальный ущерб pending loss невозмещенные убытки petty loss незначительный ущерб possible loss возможные потери potential loss потенциальные убытки probable maximum loss максимально возможный ущерб processing loss вчт. потери при обработке данных profit and loss прибыли и убытки profit or loss прибыль или убыток realized loss установленный ущерб record loss огромный ущерб report a loss давать сведения об ущербе loss убыток; ущерб; to sell at a loss продавать в убыток; dead loss чистый убыток; to make good a loss возместить убыток short-term loss краткосрочный убыток singeing loss потери на опаливание specific loss конкретно перечисленные потери suffer a loss нести убыток suffer a loss терпеть ущерб suffer: loss страдать; испытывать, претерпевать; he suffers from headaches онстрадаетотголовныхболей; to suffer a loss потерпеть убыток to suffer (или to sustain) losses понести потери to suffer (или to sustain) losses терпеть убытки sustain a loss нести потери sustain: loss испытывать, выносить; выдерживать; to sustain injuries получить увечье; to sustain a loss понести потерю tax loss убытки от налогообложения technical loss технические потери total loss общая сумма убытков total loss общие потери total loss полная гибель (предмета страхования) total loss полная потеря trading loss торговый убыток tranducer loss вчт. потеря преобразования transition loss переходная потеря translation loss потеря на неогибание translation loss потеря передачи unrealized loss нереализованный убыток weight loss утруска

    English-Russian short dictionary > loss

  • 6 data

    n 1. ком. дані; інформація; факти; відомості; 2. комп. дані, інформація; a інформаційний
    1. інформація у формі фактів, статистики тощо; 2. інформація, яка зберігається, передається, обробляється тощо комп'ютером
    ═════════■═════════
    accurate data точні дані; actual data фактичні дані; administrative data адміністративна інформація; aggregate capital data сукупні дані про капітал; ambiguous data непевні дані; annual data річні дані; authentic data правдиві дані • вірогідні дані • достовірні дані; available data наявні дані; balance sheet data балансові дані • дані про баланс; basic data основні дані • вихідні дані • базові дані; bibliographical data бібліографічні дані; biographical data біографічні дані; book-keeping data бухгалтерські дані; budget data бюджетні дані; business data комерційна інформація; calculation data розрахункові дані; census data дані перепису; coded data закодовані дані; collected data зведені дані; commercial data комерційна інформація • комерційні дані; comparative data порівняльні дані; complete data повні дані; comprehensive data вичерпні дані; confidential data конфіденційна інформація; conflicting data суперечливі дані; control data контрольні дані; corollary data співвідносні дані; correct data правильні дані; corrected data виправлені дані • відкориговані дані; correlated data співвідносні дані; cost data дані про витрати • дані про витрати виробництва; crude data приблизні дані • неточні дані; cumulative data зведені дані; current data поточна інформація; customer data дані про клієнтів • інформація про клієнтів; demographic data демографічні дані; design data розрахункові дані • конструктивні дані; detailed data деталізовані дані • докладні дані; digital data числові дані • цифрові дані; discrepant data розбіжні дані; documentary data документальні дані; economic data економічні дані • економічна інформація; estimated data кошторисні дані; exact data точна інформація; external data зовнішні дані; factual data фактичні дані; final data остаточні дані; financial data дані про фінансову діяльність • фінансові показники; gross data валові дані; group data згруповані дані; historical data дані за минулі роки • історичні дані; identification data розпізнавальні дані; immigration data імміграційні дані; inadequate data неповноцінні дані; incoming data наступні дані • вхідні дані • дані, що надійшли; incomplete data неповні дані; incorrect data неправильні дані; industry sales data торговельна статистика галузі; initial data вхідні дані • початкові дані; input data вхідні дані; long-term data дані за тривалий період часу; main data основні дані; management data управлінська інформація; manufacturing data дані про випуск продукції • технологічні дані; market data ринкові дані • кон'юнктурні відомості • дані про ринок; marketing data маркетингові дані; master data основні дані; measurement data результати вимірювань • нормативи; messy data ненадійні дані • невпорядковані дані; missing data відсутні дані; monthly data щомісячні дані; necessary data необхідні дані; numerical data цифрові дані • числові дані; objective data об'єктивні дані; observational data дані спостережень; official data офіційні дані; on-line data оперативні дані; operating data оперативні дані; operating life data дані про термін служби; operational data робочі дані • оперативні дані; original data вихідні дані • початкові дані; output data вихідні дані • дані про обсяг продукції; past data дані за минулий період; performance data показники продуктивності • робочі характеристики • дані про продуктивність; performance-test data дані протоколу випробувань; personal data анкетні дані • особисті дані • біографічні дані; pertinent data інформація по суті справи; physical data фізичні характеристики; population census data дані перепису населення; precise data точна інформація • точні дані; predicted data прогнозовані дані; preliminary data попередні дані; price-level data дані про рівень цін; pricing data дані про ціни; primary data первинні дані • вихідні дані; principal data основні дані; priority data пріоритетні дані; private data інформація приватного характеру; production data дані про рух виробничого процесу • дані про випуск продукції; profit data дані про прибуток; provisional data тимчасові дані • попередні дані • умовні дані; public data відкрита інформація; published data* опубліковані дані; purchase data статистика покупок • відомості про покупки; qualitative data якісні дані; quality data показники якості; quantitative data кількісні дані; ranked data упорядковані дані • класифіковані дані; rated data розрахункові дані; rating data номінальні характеристики; raw data невпорядковані дані • неопрацьовані дані • вихідні дані; readership data дані про кількість читачів • дані про коло читачів; reduced data оброблені дані • опрацьовані дані; reference data довідкові дані; regular data систематизовані дані; regional data місцеві дані • регіональні дані; relevant data інформація по суті справи; representative data характерні дані; response data відповідні дані • дані про відповідні реакції; restricted data дані обмеженого користування • інформація для службового користування • закриті дані • секретні дані; retail sales data дані про роздрібний продаж • статистика роздрібного продажу; sales data торговельна статистика • дані реалізації товару • дані про збут; sample data вибіркові дані; scarce data недостатні дані • мізерні дані; scientific data наукова інформація; seasonal data сезонні дані • дані про сезонні зміни; secondary data вторинні дані; service data експлуатаційні дані; shipping data дані про відвантаження товару; social data дані про соціальний склад • дані про соціальний склад населення; source data дані походження • дані про походження • вихідні дані; specified data уточнені дані; starting data вихідні дані; statistical data статистичні дані; statistical support data затверджена статистика; status data дані про стан; summarized data підсумкові дані • збірні дані; summary data узагальнені дані • зведені дані • збірні дані; supplementary data додаткові дані • додаткова інформація; supplied data подана інформація • подані дані; supporting data допоміжні дані; survey data матеріали обстеження; systematical data систематизовані дані; tabular data табличні дані; tabulated data табличні дані; technical data технічні дані • технічна інформація • технологічна інформація • техніко-видавничі характеристики; tentative data умовні дані • експериментальні дані • дослідні дані; test data експериментальні дані • результати експериментів • дані досліджень; theoretical data теоретичні дані; trade off data обмінна інформація; transaction data операційні дані; ungrouped data незгруповані дані; valid data дійсні дані • достовірні дані • обґрунтовані дані; variable data змінні дані • мінливі дані; working data показники роботи • результати роботи • робочі дані
    ═════════□═════════
    data abuse зловживання даними • неправильне користування даними; data access arrangement засоби доступу до даних; data acquisition збір даних; data administration організація проходження даних • організація даних • адміністрація даних; data aggregate сукупність даних; data amount кількість інформації • обсяг даних; data bank банк даних • інформаційний банк • архів; data bank management управління банком даних; database база даних; database creation формування бази даних; database design проектування бази даних; database management управління базою даних; database search пошук в базі даних; data bit бітові дані; data capture збір даних • нагромадження даних; data carrier носій інформації • носій даних; data centre центр збору даних • центр накопичення даних; data chaining ланцюжкове зчеплення даних; data channel канал даних; data circuit канал передавання даних; data code кодовий набір; data collection упорядкування даних • нагромадження даних • збір даних; data communication передача даних • передавання даних; data compaction ущільнення даних; data control керування даними; data conversion перетворення даних; data corruption руйнування даних; data description опис даних; data display інформаційна таблиця • інформаційне табло • відображення даних • викладка даних; data encoding кодування даних; data encryption кодування даних; data entry інформаційний вхід • введення даних; data field поле даних; data file картотека даних • тека даних; data flow потік даних; data format формат даних; data for study дані для дослідження; data handling опрацьовування даних • опрацювання даних; data input введення даних • вхідні дані • інформаційний вхід; data input station термінал введення даних; data integrity цілісність даних; data item елемент даних; data link канал передачі даних; data maintenance введення даних; data management керування даними; data management system система керування даними; data manager керівник відділу опрацювання даних • керівник відділу обробки даних; data network мережа передачі даних • мережа даних; data organization організація даних; data output вихідні дані • вихід даних • інформаційний вихід; data packet пакет даних; data performance ефективність даних; data processing обробка даних • опрацювання даних; data processing centre центр обробки даних • центр опрацювання даних; data processor процесор обробки даних • процесор опрацювання даних; data protection захист даних; data rate швидкість передачі даних; data recording реєстрація даних • запис даних; data recovery відновлення даних; data register реєстр даних; data retrieval пошук даних; data safety захист даних • збереження даних; data security безпечність зберігання даних • захист даних • збереження даних; data selection вибір даних; data service bureau центр обробки даних; data set комплект даних • набір даних • низка даних • файл даних; data sharing розподіл даних; data sheet бланк для запису даних; data source джерело даних; data switch перемикання даних; data transfer передача даних; data transfer rate швидкість передачі даних; data transformation перетворення даних; data transmission передача даних; data validation підтвердження правильності даних • перевірка правильності даних • перевірка даних; data value величина даних; to access data діставати/дістати доступ до даних; to analyze data аналізувати дані; to check data перевіряти/перевірити дані; to collect data збирати/зібрати дані; to discard data виключати/виключити дані • відкидати/відкинути дані • виключати/виключити інформацію • відкидати/відкинути інформацію; to enter data вводити/ввести дані; to examine data досліджувати/дослідити дані • оглядати/оглянути дані; to exchange data обмінюватися/обмінятися даними; to feed in data вводити/ввести дані; to furnish data видавати/видати дані • постачати/постачити дані; to handle data обробляти/обробити дані • опрацьовувати/опрацювати дані; to include data включати/включити дані; to plot the data наносити дані; to process data обробляти/обробити дані • опрацьовувати/опрацювати дані; to provide data постачати/постачити дані • давати/дати дані; to record data записувати/записати дані; to retrieve data знаходити/знайти дані; to share data ділитися даними; to store data зберігати/зберегти дані; to submit data подавати/подати дані; to turn out data видавати/видати дані; to update data обновляти/обновити дані; to use data використовувати/використати дані

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > data

  • 7 sale(s)

    1. n ком. продаж; реалізація; збут; купівля-продаж; 2. торгівля; торгова угода; 3. розпродаж; 4. pl обсяг продажу; товарооборот; a торговельний; торговий; збутовий; продажний; 5. pl бухг. виручка
    1. перетворення якого-небудь товару чи послуги тощо на гроші; 2. господарська діяльність з обороту, купівлі й продажу товарів; 3. продаж за зниженими цінами (сезонний, у зв'язку із закриттям магазину тощо); 4. оборот товарів, сукупність актів купівлі і продажу; 5. надходження (revenue²) з продажу товарів чи від надання послуг
    ═════════■═════════
    account sale(s) звіт про продаж товару; actual sale(s)s фактичний продаж; advance sale(s) попередній продаж; annual sale(s)s річний обсяг продажу • річний товарооборот; anticipated sale(s)s очікуваний продаж; area sale(s)s збут в межах території; average sale(s)s середній обсяг продажу; average daily sale(s)s середньодобовий обсяг продажу; bear sale(s) продаж при спекуляції на зниження цін акцій на біржі; block sale(s) продаж партії цінних паперів; break-even sale(s)s беззбитковий обсяг продажу; bulk sale(s) масовий продаж • продаж всього товарного запасу; bull sale(s) продаж при спекуляції на підвищення цін акцій на біржі; cash sale(s) продаж за готівку; cash-and-carry sale(s) продаж за готівку без доставки додому; cash-on-delivery sale(s) продаж післяплатою • продаж з оплатою після доставки; cash-only sale(s) продаж тільки за готівку; catalogue sale(s) продаж за каталогом • роздрібний продаж товарів за каталогом; clearance sale(s) розпродаж; commision sale(s) продаж на комісійній основі; company sale(s)s обсяг продажу фірми; competitive sale(s)s конкурентоспроможний продаж; compulsory sale(s) примусовий продаж • примусовий продаж з торгів • продаж з молотка; conditional sale(s) умовний продаж; consignment sale(s) продаж на консигнаційній основі; corporate sale(s)s загальнофірмовий продаж; credit sale(s) продаж в кредит; current sale(s)s поточний збут • поточний продаж; daily sale(s)s денний товарооборот; deferred payment sale(s) торговельна угода з відкладеним платежем • торговельна угода з відстроченим платежем; direct sale(s) прямий продаж; discount sale(s) продаж зі знижкою; exchange sale(s) біржовий продаж; exclusive sale(s) виключне право продажу; export sale(s) продаж на експорт; fleet sale(s) продаж великими партіями; floor sale(s) продаж зі стенда; forward sale(s) продаж на строк; franchise sale(s) продаж торговельних привілеїв • франшизний продаж; going-out-of-business sale(s) розпродаж у зв'язку із закриттям справи; gross sale(s)s валовий обсяг продажу • валовий обсяг виручки • валова сума продажу; guaranteed sale(s) продаж товару постачальником з гарантією повернення непроданих товарів за повну вартість; increased sale(s)s розширення збуту; indirect sale(s)s непрямий продаж; individual sale(s) індивідуальний продаж; instalment sale(s) продаж на виплат; lagging sale(s)s повільний збут • сповільнення збуту; lost sale(s) втрачений збут; mailorder sale(s) продаж поштою; mix-and-match sale(s) продаж з вільним комплектуванням набору; net sale(s)s чиста виручка • чиста сума продажу; off-the-floor sale(s) продаж зі стенда; one-day sale(s) одноденний розпродаж; private sale(s) продаж за приватною угодою; profitable sale(s) вигідний продаж • зисковний збут; projected sale(s) планова сума продажу • плановий обсяг збуту; property sale(s) продаж нерухомого майна; public sale(s) публічний торг • прилюдний торг • аукціон • продаж з аукціону; record sale(s)s значний збут • винятковий обсяг продажу • рекордний обсяг продажу; retail sale(s) роздрібний продаж; rummage sale(s) розпродаж старих речей; seasonal sale(s) сезонний розпродаж • сезонний збут; stocktaking sale(s) розпродаж товарних залишків; telephone sale(s)s продаж по телефону; test-market sale(s)s збут на пробному ринку • пробний продаж; tie-in sale(s)s продаж товарів з примусовим асортиментом; total sale(s)s загальний обсяг продажу • загальний обсяг збуту; unit sale(s)s продаж штуками • штучний продаж; volume sale(s)s продаж великої кількості; warehouse sale(s) розпродаж зі складу; yearly sale(s) річний збут • річний товарооборот
    ═════════□═════════
    «as is» sale(s) продаж на умовах «як є»; drop in sale(s)s зниження збуту; fall in sale(s)s зниження збуту; forecast of sale(s)s прогноз збуту; for sale(s) продається; increase in sale(s)s збільшення збуту; not for sale(s) не для продажу; rise in sale(s)s збільшення збуту; sale(s)s abroad продаж за кордоном; sale(s)s account рахунок продажу; sale(s)s activities збутова діяльність; sale(s)s agency торговельне агентство • збутова організація; sale(s)s agent агент зі збуту; sale(s)s agreement договір про продаж; sale(s)s amount обсяг збуту; sale(s)s analysis аналіз збуту; sale(s)s and distribution expenses торговельні витрати; sale(s) and leaseback продаж зі зворотною орендою; sale(s) and repurchase arrangement згода на продаж і зворотну купівлю; sale(s) and repurchase transaction операція продажу і зворотної купівлі; sale(s)s approach методика стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s area торговельна площа; sale(s)s assistant консультант-продавець; sale(s)s association торговельна асоціація; sale(s) at cut prices продаж за зниженими цінами; sale(s) at reduced prices продаж за зниженими цінами; sale(s) at retail продаж вроздріб; sale(s)s book журнал обліку продажу; sale(s)s budget торговельний кошторис; sale(s) by auction продаж з аукціону; sale(s) by commission комісійний продаж; sale(s) by court order продаж за постановою суду; sale(s) by description продаж за описом; sale(s) by lot продаж партіями; sale(s) by private treaty продаж за приватною угодою; sale(s) by retail продаж вроздріб; sale(s) by sample продаж за зразком; sale(s) by weight продаж на вагу; sale(s)s campaign кампанія організації і стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s catalogue торговельний каталог; sale(s)s centre торговельний центр; sale(s)s clerk продавець; sale(s)s commission комісійна плата за продаж; sale(s)s conditions стан збуту • умови продажу • умови торгівлі; sale(s) contract договір продажу • договір купівлі-продажу; sale(s)s convention торговельна конвенція; sale(s)s coverage покриття витрат на продаж; sale(s)s department відділ збуту; sale(s)s district торговельна дільниця; sale(s) docket квитанція розрахункової палати брокеру-продавцю; sale(s)s drive кампанія зі збільшення збуту; sale(s)s duty збір за продаж • торговельний податок; sale(s)s effectiveness test перевірка ефективності збуту; sale(s)s exhibition торговельна виставка; sale(s)s expenses торговельні витрати; sale(s)s experience досвід продажу товарів • досвід збуту товарів; sale(s)s figures дані про продаж товарів; sale(s)s firm збутова фірма; sale(s)s-floor operation робота торговельного залу крамниці; sale(s)s force робітники торговельних підприємств • торговельні агенти; sale(s)s forecast прогноз обсягу продажу • прогноз обсягу збуту; sale(s) for future delivery продаж на строк; sale(s) from stock продаж зі складу; sale(s)s incentive засіб стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s increase збільшення збуту; sale(s) item виріб, який продається; sale(s)s journal журнал обліку продажу • книга реєстрації продажу; sale(s)s leads орієнтація на потенційних покупців; sale(s)s links торговельні зв'язки; sale(s) lot партія, яка продається; sale(s)s manager керівник відділу збуту • керівник служби збуту • завідувач відділу збуту; sale(s)s manual інструкція зі збуту; sale(s)s meeting нарада з організації збуту; sale(s)s method методика продажу; sale(s)s monopoly торговельна монополія; sale(s)s negotiations переговори щодо продажу товару; sale(s)s objective мета продажу; sale(s) of bonds продаж облігацій; sale(s) of equipment продаж обладнання; sale(s)s office відділ збуту; sale(s) of goods продаж товарів; sale(s) of land продаж землі; sale(s) of a patent продаж права на патент; sale(s) of pledge продаж застави; sale(s) of securities продаж цінних паперів • реалізація цінних паперів; sale(s) of shares продаж акцій • реалізація акцій; sale(s) of stock продаж акцій • реалізація акцій; sale(s) of subsidiary продаж дочірньої компанії; sale(s) on approval продаж з правом покупця відмовитися від товару • продаж з правом повернути товар; sale(s) on commission продаж на комісійній основі; sale(s) on consignment продаж за консигнацією; sale(s) on credit продаж у кредит; sale(s) on an open account продаж з оплатою на відкритий рахунок; sale(s) on trial продаж на пробу; sale(s)s opportunity можливість збуту; sale(s)s outlet торговельна точка • торговельне підприємство; sale(s)s parameter характеристика збуту; sale(s)s per employee обсяг продажу з розрахунку на одного працівника; sale(s)s personnel торговельний персонал; sale(s)s pitch постійне місце продажу; sale(s)s point торговельна точка; sale(s)s potential очікуваний обсяг збуту; sale(s)s price продажна ціна • реалізаційна ціна; sale(s)s problems проблеми збуту; sale(s)s proceeds виручка від реалізації товару • дохід від продажу продукції; sale(s)s profit прибуток від продажу; sales promotion; sale(s)s psychology врахування психологічного фактора при організації збуту; sale(s)s quota торговельна квота; sale(s)s rebate торговельна знижка • повернення торговельної переплати; sale(s)s records торговельна статистика; sale(s)s reductions зниження обсягу збуту; sale(s)s report звіт про продаж; sale(s)s representative торговельний представник • торговельний агент; sale(s)s return дохід від продажу; sale(s)s slip розписка про продаж; sale(s)s strategy стратегія підтримання рівня збуту; sale(s)s tax податок з продажу • податок на доходи від продажу • податок з обороту • торговельний збір; sale(s)s team група збуту • колектив продавців; sale(s)s technique методика продажу • підхід до покупця; sale(s)s terms умови продажу; sale(s)s ticket товарна наліпка; sale(s)s turnover оборотність товарних запасів • товарооборот; sale(s) under execution продаж за рішенням суду; sale(s)s value загальна вартість продажу • загальна вартість проданих товарів; sale(s)s volume обсяг продажу • обсяг товарообороту • обсяг збуту; sale(s)s warranty гарантія продажу; sale(s) with option of repurchase продаж з правом зворотної купівлі; sale(s) with reservation умовний продаж; sale(s)s year рік продажу; to approve for sale(s) ухвалювати/ ухвалити продаж; to be on sale(s) продаватися; to command a ready sale(s) швидко продаватися; to conclude a sale(s) укладати/укласти договір про продаж; to develop sale(s)s збільшувати/збільшити продаж; to exhibit for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to have a ready sale(s) швидко продаватися; to increase sale(s)s збільшувати/збільшити продаж; to maintain sale(s)s підтримувати/підтримати збут; to negotiate sale(s)s вести переговори про продаж; to offer for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to promote sale(s)s сприяти/посприяти продажу; to put up for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to release for sale(s) давати/дати дозвіл на продаж; to rescind a sale(s) скасовувати/скасувати продаж • анульовувати/анулювати продаж; to stimulate sale(s)s стимулювати продаж; to undertake the sale(s) організовувати/організувати продаж

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > sale(s)

  • 8 sale

    n
    1) продажа; сбыт
    2) торговля; торговая сделка
    3) продажа с аукциона, продажа с торгов

    - account sales
    - address sale
    - advance sale
    - annual sales
    - anticipated sales
    - assets sale
    - auction sale
    - autumn sale
    - average sales
    - back-to-school sale
    - bargain sale
    - bear sale
    - blind sale
    - block sale
    - brisk sale
    - bulk sale
    - cash sale
    - cash-and-carry sale
    - cash on delivery sale
    - cash-only sale
    - catalogue sale
    - charge-and-carry sale
    - charge-and-delivery sale
    - clearance sale
    - clearing sale
    - closing down sale
    - commercial sale
    - commission sale
    - commodity sale
    - competitive sales
    - compulsory sale
    - conditional sale
    - consignment sale
    - consumption sale
    - credit sale
    - cross sale
    - cumulative sales
    - daily sales
    - day's sales
    - deferred payment sale
    - delayed sale
    - direct sale
    - discount sale
    - distress sale
    - domestic sales
    - effective sale
    - emergency sale
    - end-of-season sale
    - enforceable sale
    - exchange sale
    - exclusive sale
    - execution sale
    - executory sale
    - expanding sales
    - export sale
    - faked sale
    - firm sale
    - first sale
    - fixed sales
    - fleet sales
    - floor sale
    - forced sale
    - foreclosure sale
    - foreign sale
    - forward sale
    - future sale
    - going-out-of-business sale
    - gross sales
    - guaranteed sale
    - hire-purchase sale
    - illicit sale
    - increased sales
    - indirect sales
    - individual sale
    - installment sale
    - intermediate sale
    - jumble sale
    - large volume sales
    - liquidation sale
    - loan sale
    - mandatory sale
    - mutual sales
    - negotiated sale
    - net sales
    - off-the-floor sale
    - opening sale
    - order sales
    - over-the-counter sale
    - panic sale
    - partial sale
    - peak sales
    - private sale
    - proceeds sale
    - projected sales
    - prompt sale
    - property sale
    - public sale
    - quick sale
    - ready sale
    - realization sale
    - record sales
    - remnant sale
    - retail sale
    - returned sales
    - rummage sale
    - seasonal sale
    - security sales
    - sheriff's sale
    - short sale
    - slow sale
    - spot sale
    - stocktaking sale
    - street sale
    - tax sale
    - tied sale
    - tie-in sale
    - time sale
    - total sales
    - trade sale
    - transportation sales
    - tying-in sale
    - underlying sales
    - underreported sale
    - under-the-counter sale
    - volume sales
    - voluntary sale
    - wash sale
    - white sale
    - wholesale sale
    - winding-up sale
    - winter sale
    - yearly sales
    - sale at an auction
    - sale at harvest time
    - sale at a profit
    - sale at reduced prices
    - sale by auction
    - sale by commission
    - sale by description
    - sale by lot
    - sale by the piece
    - sale by public outcry
    - sale by sample
    - sale by weight
    - sale ex bond
    - sale ex stand
    - sale ex works
    - sale for cash
    - sale for forward delivery
    - sale for future delivery
    - sale for prompt delivery
    - sale for the settlement
    - sale from stock
    - sale from a warehouse
    - sale in market overt
    - sale of engineering consultation services
    - sale of equipment
    - sale of exchange
    - sale of exhibits off the floor
    - sale of goods
    - sale of an invention
    - sale of a licence
    - sale of a loan
    - sale of a patent
    - sale of a patent right
    - sale of a pledge
    - sale of securities
    - sale of services
    - sale of shares of a company
    - sale of space
    - sale of a stake
    - sale on approval
    - sale on arrival
    - sale on commission
    - sale on credit
    - sale on an open account
    - sale to arrive
    - sale to final consumer
    - sale with option of repurchase
    - sale with reservation
    - sale with reserve
    - sale without reserve
    - sale with rights of redemption
    - sale and leaseback
    - sale as is
    - for sale
    - not for sale
    - of ready sale
    - on sale
    - out of sale
    - subject to prior sale
    - approve for sale
    - be available for sale
    - be dull of sale
    - be on sale
    - be slow of sale
    - command a ready sale
    - conclude a sale
    - develop sales
    - effect sales
    - exhibit for sale
    - expand sales
    - expose for sale
    - extend sales
    - find no sales
    - find a ready sale
    - handle the sale
    - have a dull sale
    - have no sale
    - have a ready sale
    - increase sales
    - keep for sale
    - maintain sales
    - make a sale
    - meet with a good sale
    - meet with a slow sale
    - negotiate sales
    - notify the sale by auction
    - offer for sale
    - promote sales
    - put up for sale
    - release for sale
    - rescind a sale
    - sell at a public sale
    - specialize in the sale of smth
    - stimulate sales
    - suspend the sale
    - undertake the sale

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > sale

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

  • profit — total revenue less total expenses for a period of time calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Glossary of Business Terms Revenue minus cost. The amount one makes on a transaction. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary *… …   Financial and business terms

  • profit — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ big, considerable, decent, enormous, fat, good, greater, handsome, healthy, hefty, high …   Collocations dictionary

  • profit and loss — noun an account compiled at the end of an accounting period to show gross and net profit or loss (Freq. 1) • Syn: ↑profit and loss account • Hypernyms: ↑account, ↑accounting, ↑account statement * * * noun …   Useful english dictionary

  • Borat, leçons culturelles sur l'Amérique au profit glorieuse nation Kazakhstan — Logo utilisé pour le film Données clés Titre original Borat: Cultu …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • japan — japanner, n. /jeuh pan /, n., adj., v., japanned, japanning. n. 1. any of various hard, durable, black varnishes, originally from Japan, for coating wood, metal, or other surfaces. 2. work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner. 3. Japans,… …   Universalium

  • Japan — /jeuh pan /, n. 1. a constitutional monarchy on a chain of islands off the E coast of Asia: main islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. 125,716,637; 141,529 sq. mi. (366,560 sq. km). Cap.: Tokyo. Japanese, Nihon, Nippon. 2. Sea of, the… …   Universalium

  • Inventory valuation — INVENTORIES AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Inventories are usually the largest current asset of a business, and proper measurement of them is necessary to assure accurate financial statements. If inventory is not properly measured, expenses and… …   Wikipedia

  • Genuine Progress Indicator — The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is a concept in green economics and welfare economics that has been suggested to replace gross domestic product (GDP) as a metric of economic growth.GPI is an attempt to measure whether a country s growth,… …   Wikipedia

  • Re Saul D Harrison & Sons plc — [1995] 1 BCLC 14, [1994] BCC 475, is a UK company law case on an action for unfair prejudice under s.459 Companies Act 1985 (now s.994 Companies Act 2006). It was decided in the Court of Appeal and deals with the concept of members of a business… …   Wikipedia

  • Abercrombie & Fitch — brand type = Public (NYSE|ANF) establishment = June 4, 1892 headquarters = Home office: New Albany, Ohio, United States International office: Milan, Italy [ [http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/news/abercrombie.htm Abercrombie Fitch eye Jil Sander]… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»